个体清洁空气权何以可能——兼论环境权利的宪法表达

麦考密克和拉兹都曾经主张清洁空气不可能成为个体权利的客体。雷奥梅、沃尔德伦和马默却主张清洁空气可能成为个体权利的客体。首先，我们应该区分公共物品的“享用”和“生成”。其次，我们应该区分个体独立享用的公共物品和集体共同享用的公共物品。享用的非排他性和享用的集体性是两种不同的特征。公共物品的非排他性并不妨碍一部分公共物品可能成为个体权利的对象。个体能否独立享用某种公共物品，才是决定这种公共物品能否成为个体权利客体的关键。由于清洁空气等公共物品具有个体独立享用性，公民个体在理论上可能对清洁空气等公共物品享有权利。我们可以通过权利的利益理论论证个体环境权利的存在。因此，将环境权利写入宪法第二章“公民的基本权利和义务”并不存在理论上的难题。

How Individuals Right of Clean Air Become Possible:Comment on the Constitutional Expression of Environmental Rights

Both Neil McCormick and Joseph Raz advocated that clean air could not become the object of individual rights.In contrast,DeniseRéaume，Jeremy Waldron and Andrei Marmor held opposite ideas.First of all,we should distinguish between "enjoyment" and "generation" of public goods.Secondly,we should distinguish between the public goods enjoyed independently by the individual and that shared by the collective.The non-exclusivity of enjoyment and the collectivity of enjoyment are two different characteristics.The non-exclusiveness of public goods does not prevent some public goods from becoming the object of individual rights.Whether the individual can enjoy some kind of public goods independently is the key to determine whether it can become the object of individual rights.As clean air and other public goods have individual independent enjoyment,individual citizens may theoretically have the right to clean air and other public goods.We can prove the existence of individual environmental rights through the interest theory of rights.Therefore,there should be no theoretical problem to include environmental rights in The Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens,in Chapter II of the Constitution.