偏离合作原则的辞格表现及语用功能

在言语交际的信息传递过程中,合作原则对于言语交际的成败起着至关重要的作用。然而,在实际语言运用中,人们常可见到违反合作原则的言语现象,许多以汉语修辞格的方式体现出来。违反量的准则的闪避、同语、歧疑、精细、设彀,通过提供不足或多余的信息量,取得事半功倍的效果,不乏幽默意味;违反质的准则的反语、夸张、比拟或正话反说或言过其实,讽刺效果不言而喻;违反相关准则的移就、拈连、比喻使得言语表达异常生动形象;违反明了准则的反复、折绕则故意让语句罗嗦重复以达到强调、突出的目的。它们或声东击西,或含蓄蕴籍,虽违反合作原则,却很好地完成了交际任务,成为艺术化的正偏离。之所以能成为艺术化的正偏离,是对礼貌原则的遵守从而弥补了对合作原则的违反。

Rhetoric Manifestations of Deviations from Cooperative Principles and their Pragmatic Functions

In daily use of the Chinese language,there exist deviations of cooperative principles,many of which are manifested in rhetoric forms.The deviation in quantity principle can achieve some special or humorous effects by supplying insufficient or redundant information;the deviation from quality principle can achieve sarcastic effects;the deviation from relevance principle can make language more expressive;the deviation from clarity principle can highlight or stress what is intended.These deviations,however,can fulfill the communicative tasks properly,are therefore an art.The positive deviations are in conformity with the politeness principle,rather than real violation of the cooperative principles.