论夏末早商的商夷联盟

夏王朝晚期 ,夏与商族、东夷等东方诸部族关系恶化 ,导致商族与东夷诸部族被迫联合反夏。为了促成和加强商族与东夷的联合 ,商汤采取一系列措施 ,其中包括与东夷联姻、施与恩惠等。从文献材料推知 ,夏代末年商夷联盟已经形成。商族与东夷诸部族曾多次举行会盟活动 ,其中以“景毫之会”和“泰卷之会”最为重要。参加商夷联盟的东夷“诸侯”当较多 ,主要有有施、有仍、有缗、有莘、薛、卞等 ,其中来自有莘、薛的伊尹、仲虺在联盟中扮演着重要角色。商夷联盟的主要活动包括离间夏王朝、消灭与商夷联盟为敌的夏方国、伐桀灭夏等。商代早期 ,商、夷关系仍然融洽 ,商夷联盟得以延续。仲丁之后 ,商、夷之间军事冲突不断 ,商夷联盟终结。考古材料为夏末早商存在商夷联盟的立论提供了佐证。豫东、郑州、偃师等地发掘表明 ,属于商族的下七垣文化与属于东夷的岳石文化 ,在夏末商初有共存和文化混合现象 ,说明此阶段商、夷关系融洽。商代早期 ,在商人国势强大的前提下 ,商文化范围存在着北、西、南扩展而惟独东方收缩或滞展的现象 ,这正是商、夷之间延续同盟关系的具体反映。但至白家庄期 ,商文化却东向大扩展 ,整个鲁西地区皆纳入商文化之分布范围 ,这种文化上的取代应与商、夷关系恶化及商夷联盟终结有直接关系。

On the Alliance of Shang Tribe and Yi Tribe in the Period between the Declining Days of Xia Dynasty and Growing Days of Shang Dynasty

In the declining years of Xia dynasty(about 1600 B.C.)the relation between Xia Kingdom and the eastern tribles,such as Shang,Yi,etc.turned for the worse.In order to jointly cope with Xia dynasty,Shang tribe and some other eastern Yi tribes formed a political and military alliance.From the archaelogical discoveries in the east part of Henan province,Zhengzhou,Yanshi county,etc.it is proved that such alliance really existed.In the early period of Shang dynasty,the relation between Shang Kingdom and eastern Yi tribes was still harmony;but in the reign of Zhongding of Shang Kingdom,the relation got to worse and ended.