杜甫诗歌对儒家思想核心——"仁"的经典诠释

杜甫号称"诗圣",乃诗国之圣人,恰似孔子、孟子,乃儒家之圣人。作为儒家薪火的传承者,杜甫用诗歌这种生动形象的方式,对儒家思想进行了深刻而独特的诠释。"仁"是儒家学说中的核心,贯穿于儒家思想体系的全过程,在一定意义上说,儒学就是仁学。由于孔子、孟子都没有对"仁"的具体内涵作明确界定,所以"仁"的内涵带有不确定性。本文认为,作为儒家"仁"思想的一位与众不同的传承者与发展者,杜甫正是用诗歌这种特殊形式诠释了"仁",从"治人之仁"、"为人之仁"、"待人之仁"这三个方面,对儒家思想核心——"仁"做出了生动而深刻的诠释,形成了自己的一整套诗化的"仁学"思想。在对"仁"进行诠释的过程中,杜甫所依据的诠释原则与孟子诠释《诗经》时所依据的原则在本质上是一致的,即"知人论世"与"以意逆志"。尽管杜甫对"仁"的诠释是一种带有时代和个体特征的选择性诠释与创造性诠释,已经不可能与孔子、孟子等儒家先贤对"仁"的诠释达成绝对的"视域融合",但杜甫的诠释在本质上仍是基于对孔、孟等儒家先贤人格与生平的深刻理解,是基于对儒家经典的创造性吸收和掌握,是基于崇高的"仁者"精神跨越了时空界限在灵魂层面上的共鸣与共勉,因此,经杜甫诠释的"仁"仍然深深地契合于儒家思想的本质。

Du Fu's Classical Interpretations of Benvolence: The Central Idea of Confucianism

Just as Confucius and Mencius are the sages of the Confucians, Tu Fu is called the sage of poets. As one of the successors and disseminator of Confucianism, Tu Fu annotated the ideology profoundly and uniquely by the means of his lively and visual poems. Benvolence, as the central idea of Confucianism, pervades the whole system of Confucianism. To some extent, Benvolence is the essence of Confucianism. The definition of Benvolence is indeterminate because the ancestors, Confucius and Mencius, didn't give us a clear definition. This thesis will focus on Du Fu's interpretations of Benvolence by the means of poems: Benvolence of government, Benvolence of human behavior, and Benvolence of social interactions and contact. Du Fu advocated a new ideology of poetic Benvolence. The principles followed by Du Fu in his interpretation of Benevolence are the same as those following by Mencius in his interpretation of The Book of Songs, which are 'appreciating person in a certain context' and 'meaning against feeling'. However, Du Fu's interpretation of Benvolence is selective and creative in that it is an integration of the characteristics of the times in which he lived and his own personality, and that his horizon cannot be absolutely fused with Mencius'. In spite of all that, Du Fu's interpretation of Benvolence is essentially based on his profound understanding of the characteristics and life of the Confucianists, the creative absorption and mastery of the classics of Confucian and the soulful resonance and mutual encouragement of the kind beyond the restriction of space and time. Therefore, Du Fu's interpretations of Benvolence tally with Confucianism in essence.