欧洲联盟对外关系中的“人权条款”初探

"人权条款"是欧盟对外人权政策的法律工具之一,反映了欧盟对外关系的"人权导向"。自20世纪90年代以来,欧共体在缔约时将"人权条款"纳入双边国际协定已成惯例。在实践中,"人权条款"成为第三国与欧盟谈判缔约的先决条件,通过"积极措施"的引导和"消极措施"的制裁,欧盟顺利地对外推行其人权理念。欧盟对外关系中的"人权条款"代表了西方国家利用国际法规则开展人权外交的典型,发展中国家实力上的弱势决定了"人权条款"本质上不具有对等性。在正确认识"人权条款"的现状、本质和发展趋势的基础上,中国政府应以较为审慎和务实的态度与欧盟谈判《伙伴关系与合作协定》。

The Human Rights Clause in the External Relations of the European Union

The human rights clause,as a legal instrument of the EU external human rights policy,represents the orientation towards human rights in EU's external relations.In practice,human rights clause constitutes the ex ante conditionality in EC's contractual relations as well as an effective instrument to promote the EU's human rights notion both through the stimulation of positive measures and the deterrence of negative measures.Given the comparative disadvantage in national strength of developing countries,such a clause cannot be reciprocal in essence.On the basis of recognition of the current state,nature and prospect of development of the human rights clause,China should take a more prudent and realistic way to conduct the ongoing negotiation of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the EU.