神话的启蒙与启蒙的神话——关于一部"哲学断片"的若干断想

正式出版于1947年的《启蒙辩证法》是在1944年油印本的基础上增改而成。作改动的地方不仅是书名及文题,也体现在对文字的润色和内容的调整上。这些变动反映出霍克海默和阿多诺对马克思主义思想传统的有意疏离以及由意识形态批判向总体性"终极揭露"批判范式的转换。在《启蒙辩证法》中,法西斯主义的"事实神话"是研究的起点,而叙述的起点则是"启蒙",同时,为了阐明启蒙的衰退,作者又回溯到历史上的神话。所以,《启蒙辩证法》不仅存在着启蒙与神话的纠缠,而且存在着现实神话与历史神话的纠缠。《启蒙辩证法》既从黑格尔那里汲取了关于启蒙自身具有内在缺陷的观念,又借用了黑格尔的辩证法之名及其表现方式,但是,"启蒙辩证法"却与黑格尔的概念辩证法根本不同。启蒙理性不是把自身表现为一种有待完成与提高的开放形态,而是呈现出一种无可救药的结构性衰竭与失败。霍克海默和阿多诺对启蒙理性的这种态度更戏剧化地表现在他们对康德道德学说所作的萨德化理解上。因此,《启蒙辩证法》不仅是后黑格尔主义的,也是后康德主义的。

The Enlightenment of Myth and the Myth of Enlightenment——Some Thoughts of" Philosophical Fragments"

The book Enlightenment Dialectic published in 1947 is an improvement on the basis of its mimeograph book in 1944.The improvement includes the book title,words and contents reflecting the transformation from the deviation of Marxist thought of tradition by Horkheimer and Adorno to "final exposition" of ideology.In this book the "actual myth" is the fascist starting point of research and the starting point of narration is the enlightenment.This book has some of Hegel's enlightenment but much different from it.Enlightenment reason appears as an incurable exhaustion and failure in structure.So Enlightenment Dialectic is not only post-Hegel but also post-Kant.