人口老龄化、老年贫困与养老保障--基于德国的数据与经验

人口老龄化及老年女性比重较高增加了老年贫困的概率。对此，德国主要采取两项对策避免老年贫困：养老保障是第一道防线，里斯特／吕鲁普养老金、最低养老金等都是重要的政策选项；社会救助提供了最后一道有效安全网。借鉴德国经验，中国应通过完善多支柱模式并逐步扩大第二支柱比重、养老保险参量改革、建立老年低收入群体收入保护机制、建立健全老年社会救助制度等措施来有效解决人口老龄化过程中老年人特别是老年低收入群体的养老保障问题，有效规避老年贫困风险。

The Ageing of Population,Old-age Poverty and Security:Based on the Data and Experience of Germany

The probability of the aged being poverty may be increased as population aging and the ratio of woman in the old get higher. Thus, German government carries out a number of policies to prevent the poverty of older people. The pension system is the first safety net of old?age security. The Riester/Rürup?Rente and the minimum pension are all the policy choices. The social assistance is the last safety net for older people with low income. By learning the experience of German, China should solve the old?age security for the older people and particular older people with low income through some policies which continuing to improve the multi?pillars pension system and increase the proportion of second pillars, reforming some key parameters of pension system, establishing the protection mechanism of benefits for older people with low income and women, and reconstructing the social assistance programs for older people with low income in order to avoid effectively the risk of poverty in old age.