军事发包制

在学界目前关于行政发包制及其历史根源的讨论中，尚未触及一个非常重要的历史制度：军事发包制。它是中国共产党在抗日战争和解放战争时期创建的根据地进行局部执政时所展现出来的一种组织形态，即一方面在中央层面建立起一元化的领导体制，另一方面又在各根据地军区和军分区两级分别建立起与上级的军事承包关系。这种关系具体体现为三个方面：军事决策的自由裁量权；财经的自给自足；在属地建立一元化领导，实行属地化管理、战果导向和人格化担责。军事发包制有效解决了动员和控制、集权和分权的张力问题，把分割状态下的局部执政当成铸造现代政党之军政能力的重要通道，为1949年后全面展开的国家政权建设做好了准备。军事发包制既是行政发包制的先驱，在某种意义上又可谓行政发包制的内核。

The Neo-Classical Equilibrium Theory of Market Economy as a "Utopia":A Summative Inspection

A very important historical link has been absent in the current academic discussion of the administrative subcontract system in contemporary China and its historical roots in the imperial period: military subcontract. China's military subcontract system is not only different from the military contracting and the modern military bureaucracy in Western Europe, but also different from the party-military and central-local governmental relations in the Soviet Union. Military subcontracting is an organizational form that emerged during the Sino-Japanese War and the Liberation War when the CCP took control in its rural Soviet base areas. It is embedded in a superior-subordinate relationship between the party and the military under the overall authority of the CCP Central Committee. On the one hand, the unified leadership regime is established at the central level. On the other, at the military division and subdivision levels, the military subcontract system is put into operation in three aspects: the discretion of military decision making by divisions and subdivisions, the financial self-sufficiency and the relative autonomy of management at local levels with emphasis on military results and personalized responsibility. The system effectively solves the tension between mobilization and control, centralization and decentralization. It is recognized as an important avenue to develop the military and political capacity of modern political parties in partially controlled territories under a divided state. It prepares for the construction of a comprehensive state power after 1949. The military subcontract system is not only the pioneer but also the kernel of the administrative subcontract system in modern China. Whether it is to explore the effectiveness of the administrative subcontract system, or to correct its shortcomings, an in-depth understanding of the military subcontract system is unavoidable.