性善乎 性恶乎——康德道德哲学之善恶概念及其人性论

立足于纯粹实践理性之批判,康德扭转了西方思想史上关于道德法则与善恶概念之关系的传统观点,即善恶概念既非理性之先验设定,也非基于经验之预想,它乃是寓于道德法则并为道德法则所决定的,所谓善恶概念决定实践意志之传统观点必将流于他律.由是一、善恶概念乃是涵于实践理性之道德法则的;善恶概念与福祸概念之间没有任何必然性之联系,福祸概念不是善恶概念产生的基础和依据.二、唯一无条件善或恶的只是自律与否之意志,人性无善恶,但理性又显示了人类向善之潜能.那种认为康德持人性本恶的观点是缺乏根据的.三、该人性论和康德所持的社会历史观也是内在统一的.

Human Nature:Good or Evil--On the Conception of Good and Evil of Kant's Moral Philosophy and His Theory of Human Nature

By the critique of pure practical reason,Kant points out that the conception of Good and Evil is neither the prior enactment of reason nor the prefigure based on the experience,it is implied in the moral principle and determined by the latter. So the traditional opinion that the conception of Good and Evil determines the practical will results in necessarily heteronomy of will.Accordingly,first,the conception of Good and Evil is inhered in the moral principle,and there is no inevitable relation between the conception of Good and Evil and the conception of Happiness and Misfortune;Second,the exclusively and unlimitedly good or evil is only the autonomy of will or not,and the human nature is neither good nor evil.But reason indicates the human's potential to make for Good,and the opinion that Kant considers the human nature original evil lacks its foundation;Third,the theory of human nature also determines the corresponding opinion on society and history.