广义ATO下基于多种团购模型的供应链协调

针对由多个供应商、单个制造商和零售商所组成的广义按订单装配式供应链，在上游多个供应商不确定的零部件（或商品）供应以及下游客户不确定的需求的环境下，首先分析基本模型中团购前后的零售商和制造商的利润变化，然后提出了团购的标准模型和协调模型，并比较三种不同的团购模型对各成员以及全局供应链绩效的影响。通过数学推导证明和仿真数据算例分析，结果表明：零售商自发的团购基本模型总是对制造商有利，而对零售商的好处是有限的；由制造商主导的团购标准模型在满足一定条件时是优于团购基本模型的，但有使得零售商甚至制造商自身受到损失的可能；而集中决策下的团购协调模型能够提升全局供应链的期望利润，实现渠道的帕累托改善，但协调的效果会受到团购客户组成结构的限制。

Group Buying Models-Based Supply Chain Coordination under Generalized ATO

The traditional assemble-to-order system has been widely used in the manufacturing industry, and any multi-item (component) inventory system in which customer orders may consist of several items (components) in different amounts can be viewed as generalized ATO system. A generalized assemble-to-order supply chain, which is composed of multi-suppliers, single manufacturer and retailer, is considered. In the context of uncertain components (or items) supplying in the upstream and uncertain demand in the downstream, present three group buying models:base model, standard model and coordination model. Due to the uncertainty of the supply chain and complexity of group buying models, the methodology of mathematic deduction and Excel VBA programming are used to simulate data example analysis. These three group buying models' impact on manufacturer, retailer and global supply chain's performance is compared. In the group buying base model, the retailer itself offers price discount to customer, which can increase the order quantity to manufacturer and is always beneficial to manufacturer, but is not to retailer. In the group buying standard model, the manufacturer need offer wholesale price quantity discount contract to retailer before group buying beginning, which can incentive retailer to increase the order quantity by group buying and alleviate the uncertainty of group buying demand. And the standard model which is dominated by manufacturer is better than base model under some certain conditions, but is probably to make retailer even manufacturer itself suffering the loss of profit. In these two models, the manufacturer and the retailer make decisions and initialize group buying dispersedly, and they face the risks of uncertainty of components' supply, order from retailer, manufacturer's yield and customer's demand. Finally group buying coordination model, in which manufacturer and the retailer make centralized decisions by sharing demand information from retailer and yield information from manufacturer, is presented. The study result shows:group buying coordination model is optimal among these three models, and can increase supply chain's global profit, the Pareto's improvement is achieved; but the coordination's performance is bounded by customers' structure of group buying.