“深耕者”与“鼓动家”:论共产党早期乡村革命中的“农运派”

“查阶级”是中国共产党革命中重要的组织动员技术，它同时蕴含着强调经济标准的“算阶级”和强调情绪鼓动与暴力斗争的“闹革命”两种面相。既往的学术研究将“闹革命”理解为革命实践中的过火与偏差而未追溯其渊源。本文尝试对“闹革命”这一传统进行发生学意义上的再考察。研究发现，“闹革命”主要来自“大革命”时期国民党中央农民部设立的农民运动讲习所，以彭湃为代表的农运干部构成了其具体“担纲者”。本文综合运用多种史料，通过对农讲所以及农运派干部具体实践的考察，呈现其作为革命的“深耕者”与群众的“鼓动家”的精神气质，进而在具体的历史处境中理解“闹革命”这一具体的组织动员形态，更为深入地理解早期乡村革命的复杂历史面貌。

The Peasant Movement School in Communist Party's Early Rural Revolutionary Practice

An important condition that revolutionary parties must meet in practice is the mobilizationof the masses. It is through a series of mobilization strategies and organization techniques that the CCP, a revolutionary party, infuses its ideology into rural society. Therefore, “examining the class” (cha jieji), a technique of organization and mobilization that the CCP has formed in its revolutionary practices, is of great importance to understanding the CCP's political culture. This technique includes two stages: “calculating class” (a quantification of social class), which focuses on objective factors such as economic criteria; and “making revolution” (naogeming), which focuses on subjective elements such as emotional excitement and violent struggle. From the perspective of mobilization analysis, the existing scholarship usually treats “making revolution” as a deviation from the Party's conventional revolutionary practices with regards to its disregard of quantified economic criteria and its ritual and violent character. However, few studies explore the historical origin of “making revolution”. This article attempts to revisit the genetic process and political tradition of “making revolution”. It shows that “making revolution” originates from the Peasant Movement Institute that was set by the KMT's Central Peasant Department in the period of National Revolution from 1924 to 1927, and features in the central role of peasant movement cadres of whom Peng Pai was the typical example. By synthesizing various historical documents, this article is to present the essential features of “making revolution”, which was used as a measure to mobilize. The conclusion is based on a preliminary study of peasant movements in Hunan and Guangdong in the period of National Revolution from 1924 to 1927 and the analysis of the curriculum and ideas of the Peasant Movement Institute. This article discusses the activites of Peng Pai and his fellow CCP members in the Peasant Movement Institute, focusing on their life story, educational background, and revolutionary activities. It presents not only the special ethos of these CCP members as the “deep tiller” of the revolution and an agitator of the masses, but also discusses acertain philosophies (such as anarchism) which arose under specific social and historical conditions. More importantly, this article proclaims that the recontextualization of mobilization strategies such as “making revolution” enables a deeper understanding of the CCP's multi-facet revolutionary practices in its early years. This article analyzes “making revolution” in a particular historical situation and tries to understand its main structural factors and the historical roots of its limitations.