与魔搏斗的人：易卜生作品中的个体性危机

本文把易卜生置于北欧-日耳曼的思想谱系中进行解读，认为“个体性”是理解其剧作的关键。易卜生的剧作和克尔凯郭尔的哲学思想有着互文性的关联，他们都认为严格意义上的宗教信仰的前提就是个体性。同时，在尼采看来，当时的欧洲已经进入“群氓的时代”，“个人”岌岌可危。在这个背景下，易卜生塑造的诸多人物都具有“世纪末”的特点，颓废、烦与空虚成为一种普遍的社会心态。个体性的膨胀将带来严重的社会问题，伴随着躁动不安，有时候会转变成最物质化的享乐主义，但更多时候则表现为否定和破坏，甚至是暴力和毁灭。

Wrestling with Demons：Fin de Siècle in Ibsen’s Plays

This paper places Ibsen in the Nordic-Germanic thought tradition，and argues that “individuality” is the key to understand this tradition and Ibsen’s plays. European society at the end of the 19th century was far from being a world of “demon free”，instead，it even had irrational and anti-enlightenment overtones. Ibsen’s plays and Kierkegaard’s philosophical thoughts were intertextually related. They both opposed the established church，and believed that the prerequisite for religious faith in the strict sense is individuality. Brand was tantamount to a death sentence to all serious religions. Meanwhile，in Nietzsche’s view，Europe had entered “the era of the mob” and “individual” was in danger. In this context，many characters created by Ibsen had the characteristics of “Fin de siècle”，where decadence，boredom and nihility had become a common social state of mind. Freud had a profound insight into the dangers contained in this mentality. He believed that behind the collective psychology was the individual psychology at work，and the expansion of individuality would bring very serious social problems. For Freud，individuality tended to be restless，often turning into the most materialistic hedonism，but more often expressed in denial and destruction，even in violence and devastation. In Ibsen’s view，such social ills were not something that could solved by political means. What Ibsen’s plays present us is the paradox of “individuality” itself.