升平之境:从《意大利游记》看康有为欧亚文明论

本文以康有为完成于1904年底的《意大利游记》为说明性个案,试图呈现其欧亚文明论的基本面貌。文章将文本与这位“先时之人物”所处的时代相联系,勾勒出康氏的旅欧行程、意大利考察和文明叙述的轮廓,梳理了康氏在其“异域志”中表达的有关升平一统（帝国）、中西文明之异、文明关联互动等看法。文章指出,《意大利游记》是古代华文异域志的近代遗响,而康有为借之表达的看法,实构成一种“文明-现代性”主张。本文为作者所写有关法国社会学年鉴派文明与文明研究构想之论文的续篇。文章指出,康有为对文明的界定与其同龄人涂尔干的看法有诸多相通之处,但也有不同点：康氏与涂氏都将现实发生的文明界定为“超社会现象”,视其为国族与世界之间的中间范畴,但相比于从结构观点看文明的涂尔干,康氏在考察文明的存在方式时更关注其历史的治乱轮替动态,也更为重视其政体实现形式。文章最后,作者思考了20世纪康氏欧亚文明论的遭际,指出相比“国族营造”之社会科学,康有为融通“我他”文明的叙述依旧有其启迪。

The Ambit of Flourishing Peace: Kang Youwei's Perspective of Eurasian Civilizations as Seen in The Travelogue of Italy

In the middle of 1904, the renown Chinese thinker and reformer Kang Youwei made his "journey to the West". In Italy, the first of the 11 European countries he visited, Kang inspected the historical relics, political institutions, and local customs. Taking the opportunity of "being there", he made an on-the-spot inquiry into the age-old Roman civilization. He also compared the Western way with the "Continental" Chinese way of being political and civilized. Near the end of 1904, Kang compiled his diaries, poems, and notes of the journey into a book entitled The Travelogue of Italy (the first of the series of his Travelogues of 11 European Nations), which is the focus of this study. The Travelogue of Italy is treated in this paper as an example from which a major perspective of "civilization" can be reconstructed and re-enacted. To the author, a social anthropologist keenly interested in the political and cosmological perspectives of civilization, Kang's Travelogue of Italy, an old-style "ethnographic" text in which a pattern of "civilizational modernity" (in contrast with "national modernity") is inscribed, proves to be one of the most fascinating achievements of late period traditional Chinese "gazettes of foreign countries". This paper offers the following four parts of discussion:(1)a synoptic biography of Kang's life with a specific focus on his political thinking during the epoch of transition;(2)a mapping of Kang's voyage from the East to the West; (3)an overview of Kang's interpretation of the civilizational differences between Roman empire and the Han "All-under-Heaven" as presented in the travelogue; (4) an analysis of Kang's viewpoints of the relation between European and Asian civilizations. In the introductory and concluding sections, the author presents his views on the relevance of Kang Youwei's perspectives to the critique of post-traditional Chinese "nation-building" social sciences. The paper serves as a sequel to the author's extended essay on the re-conceptualization of "civilization" by Kang Youwei's European contemporary Émile Durkheim (and his inheritor Marcel Mauss). Interwoven throughout the discussion are comparative points between King and Durkheim. It is suggested that both men define "civilizations" in terms of "supral-societal" or "supra-national" systems. Nonetheless, unlike Durkheim, who remained deeply concerned with improving the life of the nation, Kang was inclined to conceptualize such systems in terms of the "ambit of flourishing peace" (shengping shi), a dynamic state of human political existence between the age of violent chaos and that of the Great Unity.