印度战略文化及其变迁机制

自20世纪90年代战略文化成为备受关注的议题以来,从战略文化视角解释印度外交战略的研究不胜枚举.学术界对印度战略文化的研究普遍受到文化“稳定性”、“持久性”等基本特征的限制,主要从静止的视角围绕其起源、属性与形态等方面展开论述.本文试图从动态视角理解印度战略文化,构建战略文化生成与变迁理论框架.通过对战略文化的类型划分发现,印度在冷战时期形成了防御为主、进攻为辅的协调型战略文化,冷战后形成了强进攻性偏好的冲突型战略文化.作为印度战略文化变迁的首要条件,环境认知推动了印度国内政治程序的修正,从而影响了战略文化变迁.具体而言,国际体系环境的变化重塑了印度决策精英对国家安全的判断,并内化成新的观念体系.全新观念体系驱使决策精英行为偏好改变,且通过国内政治程序的修正上升为特定取向的国家战略偏好,最终生成全新的战略文化.

A Dynamic Model of Indian Strategic Culture

Since strategic culture became a topic of interest in the 1990s.many research efforts have attempted to explain India’s foreign policy through this lens.The characteristics of culture as“stable”and“resistant to change”represent significant limitation for scholarly explorations of Indian strategic culture.Most studies tend to be static in terms of their perspectives on the roots,characteristics and nature of culture.This article attempts to understand India’s strategic culture from a dynamic perspective,and it constructs a model of the mechanisms underlying change within the Indian strategic culture,lhrough determining different classifications of strategic culture,it finds that during the Cold War period India maintained an adaptable strategic culture that focused primarily on defense,emphasizing offense as secondary.After the Cold War.this evolved into a confrontational strategic culture characterized by a strong preference for offensive posturing.The primary factor enabling change in the Indian strategic culture is environmental awareness,which advances political processes towards change vis-d-vis Indian domestic politics,in turn leading to change in strategic culture.More specifically,it is changes in the international system which shape the way in which elite Indian decision makers assess national security,and these assessments are then internalized as a new valuelsystem.This new value system in turn generates pressure towards change in tit behavioral preferences of elite decision makers,and through domestic political processes,rise up to the level of new national strategic preferences,before finally emerging as a new strategic culture.