核事故损害赔偿责任：理论分析与制度安排

随着核电事业的快速发展,核事故损害赔偿责任制度显得日益重要。在核损害责任国际公约框架下,建立健全国内核事故损害责任制度,将有利于保护公众的利益,促进核工业的健康发展以及核能领域的国际合作。核事故损害民事责任制度须遵循严格责任和绝对责任、唯一责任或责任集中、责任限制、强制性责任保险或财务保证、单一管辖法院管辖、国家介入、不歧视等基本原则。中国现行核事故损害责任制度存在重大缺陷,即原子能法和核事故损害赔偿法阙如、国务院《批复》无法有效适应现实需要。中国应该考虑到发生核事故与核事故损害赔偿的可能性,尽早作出相应的制度安排。

The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage: Theoretical Analysis and Institutional Arrangement

With the rapid growth of nuclear power programmes in the world,the civil liability system for nuclear damage has become more and more important.National legal systems for nuclear liability should be established and perfected under the framework of international conventions for nuclear liability,which will contribute to the protection of the interests of the community,the sound development of nuclear industry and the international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy.There are such fundamental principles for the civil liability system for nuclear damage as strict and absolute liability,exclusive liability,the nuclear installation operator’s obligation to secure an insurance or other financial guarantee up to its liability amount,limitation on the amount of liability and the time for instituting damage claims,jurisdiction over claims generally to reside with the courts where the accident occurs,state intervention or participation,and non-discrimination on the grounds of nationality,domicile or residence.The great failure in China’s civil liability system for nuclear damage is that there are no atomic energy law and compensation law for nuclear damage,and the State Council’s Reply of 2007 Concerning the Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage cannot meet the future challenge.China should take into account the possibility of nuclear accident and compensation,and make the prior institutional arrangement.