中国古代“活法”观及其哲学渊源

宋朝政府建立了较为完善的医药储藏机构和安全监管措施。其中中央医药行政管理机构主要为翰林医官院(局)和太府寺药案,这是朝廷建立的最高医疗行政管理机构和医药管理机构。皇宫御药的制造与储藏机构有翰林医官院、御药院、尚药局,官府药库有香药库、珠玉香药库、药蜜库、后苑东门药库、寄桩库、熟药库等,专门储藏皇帝和朝廷所需的各种名贵药材和成药等。朝廷设立的市易务卖药所、收买药材所、太医局熟药所、和剂局和惠民局等,主要负责官府药局中药材的采购和成药的生产与销售等,同时也肩负药材、成药的储藏。宋朝地方州府和南宋时期设立的总领所、都统司、安抚司惠民局,一方面负责地方州府军监、所、司所需药物的生产与销售,另一方面也是地方医药的保管场所。泉州、明州、广州、登州等地设立的市舶司,负责海外药材的登记、辨验、保管与押运进京等。为了保证药物质量安全,宋朝政府对医药储藏制定了保管、库存、登记、毁弃等制度,严格执行药物入库和出库检查,严厉打击盗窃、伪造、冒用和盗卖官府药物的非法行径。

The View of “HuoFa” in Ancient China and Its Philosophical Origin

“Huofa” is an important thought in ancient Chinese literary and artistic creation,which was initiated by Hu Su of the Northern Song Dynasty,who advocated the new change of poetry with“Huofa”.Su Shi was very important to the promotion of“Huofa”.Su Shi put forward the idea of“Tao is based on faith,and the law is based on wisdom”,and“sticking to Tao to make the law alive”,opposed“dead law”,regarded“living law”as“Tao”and the nature of life of all things,and determined the basic meaning and direction of life of“Huofa”.Lv Benzhong believed that“Huofa”was“there is a definite law without a definite law,and there is a definite law without a definite law”,and then he implemented it to the dimension of self life.Zhang Yuangan and Yang Wanli further expounded the theory of“Huofa”.The Neo Confucianism of the Song Dynasty was characterized by its vividness and flexibility.The theme of“vividness and profusion”was often explored by Neo Confucians.The“vividness” of Confucianism is the principle of all things,the method of learning,and the principle of literature and art.The“living”of Zen was an important ideological source of the concept of“Huofa”.The“understanding the implications between lines” has always been the beginning of Zen monks in the Song Dynasty.Yuanwu Keqin and Dahui Zonggao have talked about it for many times,which had a great impact on“Huofa”concept of Lv Benzhong and Yang Wanli.Zhu Tingzhen,Shi Tao and others in the Qing Dynasty directly interpreted“Huofa”as“ultimate Law”and“No law as Law”.The concept of“Huofa”in ancient China condensed the deep thinking of the life of all things in the universe.