《诗经》与先秦两汉劝谏文化

在上古时，国家政治结构中血缘的纽带比较重要，劝谏主要是以“直谏”的形式出现的。《诗经》里就有许多贵戚之卿直谏君王的作品。“献诗”和“采诗”是《诗经》干预政治的两种方式。随着社会结构的变化，血缘纽带松弛，君主专制加强，直谏越来越危险，人们越来越推崇讽谏。在这种历史背景下诞生的汉代《诗经》学，形成了“美刺讽喻说”的方法论。这种理论把《诗经》中所有的篇章都附会于历史和政治，把很多本来没有讽谏用意的的诗篇，都解释成了谏书。“美刺讽喻说”对中国后来的诗歌创作、诗歌评论的影响都很深远。从政治史的角度来理解它形成的过程，对于我们更好地了解中国古代诗歌，是有着积极意义的。

Shijing and the Expostulation Culture of Pre-Qin and Han Dynasty

In the earlier ancient times of China,the consanguineous bond was very important in the political structure.When the ministers wanted to expostulate to the ruler,they always admonished frankly.In Shijing,there are a lot of verse written by the ministers.As immediate household of the sovereign,they admonished the sovereign with these poems."Dedicating the poems" and "Collecting the poems" are two modes of Shijing's intervening in politics.As the social structure changed,the consanguineous bond loosed,and the autocratic monarchy was strengthened,so admonishing frankly became more and more dangerous.Meanwhile,euphemistical expostulation was getting more and more encouraged.The Shijing study of Han dynasty came into being against this historical background,and formed the theory of"the expostulation of eulogizing and satirizing".This theory said that every poem must have something to do with certain historical and political background.Even those poems which had no intention of expostulating,were all explicated as expostulation as well.The theory of"the expostulation of eulogizing and satirizing" have a great effect upon the the subsequent practice of writing poetry and the poetic criticism.Probing the process of how this theory came into being from a political historical standpoint,will be of positive significance to us to understand the Chinese ancient poetry better.