未出庭证人书面证言的规制路径分析——以218份判决的实证研究为基础

实证研究表明，未出庭证人书面证言在质证、审查和认证上存在适用困境。具体表现为未出庭证人书面证言采信率低、法院认证理由片面模糊、错误适用证据审查规则、对其是否具备证据资格认定相左。原因在于，未出庭证人提供的书面证言存在天然可信度缺陷，私主体自书证言缺乏明显可识别的标志，学术界对其可采性存在分歧，直接言词原则被过度强调而书面原则的价值被不当贬低。在证人出庭作证制度趋向完善和诉讼环境发生质变的过渡阶段，规范书面证言制作、质证、审查、认定规程，增强书面证言的可信度和可采性，是激活书面证言应然证据价值，缓解书面证言高使用率和低采信率矛盾的应有之义。 

Analysis on the Standardization Path of the Written Testimony:Based on the Empirical Study of 218 Judgments

Empirical research shows that there are difficulties in the application of written testimony of witnesses who do not appear in court in cross examination, examination and certification. The concrete performance is that the rate of acceptance is low, the reason of court authentication is one-sided and fuzzy, the rule of evidence review is applied wrongly, and there are different opinions on whether they have the qualification of evidence . The reason is that the written testimony provided by the witness who did not appear in court has natural credibility defects, the private subject's self written testimony lacks obvious recognizable signs, the academic circles have differences on this kind of evidence's admissibility, the direct verbal principle is overemphasized, and the value of the written principle is improperly devalued. In the transitional period when the system of witness appearing in court tends to be perfect and the litigation environment changes qualitatively, it is necessary to standardize the rules of production, cross examination, examination and determination of written testimony, and enhance the credibility and admissibility of written testimony, so as to activate its due evidential value and alleviate the contradiction between high utilization rate and low acceptance rate of written testimony.