差序格局、礼与社会人格 ———再读《乡土中国》

每一类型的社会都有一整套塑造自身的社会团结与理想人格的体系，那么中国传统的“乡土社会”是什么呢？差序格局可以说是民国一代的学者反思乡土社会的秩序的重要概念之一。费孝通先生试图以“差序格局”来说明传统乡村社会中的人如何组织和再生产社会关系；可以说，这个概念成为所谓的“社会学的本土化研究”的基石和范式。文章以重新考察差序格局与“伦”的内在紧张为出发点，反思差序格局解释乡土社会的秩序的得与失，并简要讨论了差序格局的后续研究的一些偏差。文中重新回溯了“礼”的本义，阐释了“礼”如何塑造了社会关系的伦理化和人的社会人格，以试图进一步理解礼对社会秩序的实质意义。

GradeofStructure, CourtesyandSocialPersonality

Every type of society has its own system of social solidarity and ideal personality,so what is that in Chinese tra- ditional rural society？ ＂Structure of Grade＂ is one of the important concepts, put forward by scholars during the Republic of China,to reflect the order in rural society. Mr. Fei Xiaotong attempted to use this concept to illustrate,how people in tradi- tional rural society organize and reproduce their social relations;and to a great extent,this concept has been the basis and model of so-called ＂native research of sociology＂. This article, beginning with the re-examination of internal tension be- tween the ＂Structure of Grade＂ and ＂ethic＂, attempts to reflect the achievement and failure of ＂Structure of Grade＂ in ex- plaining the order of rural society, and briefly argued some mistakes in the research followed the ＂ Structure of Grade＂. This article restates the original meaning of courtesy and also explains how ＂courtesy＂ forms the ethic of social relations and so- cial personality, in order to make a further understanding on the substantial meaning of courtesy to the social order.