家庭经营的牧民 ———锡林浩特希塔嘎查调查

草原牧区正在经历剧烈的变迁,传统的牧区被定居和草场的不断细分所代替;在市场和政府的双重推动下,越来越多的牧区人口开始迁移到牧区之外。随着草场的退化,政府在草原牧区实施了一系列的政策希望缓解草原的压力,如休牧禁牧、草畜平衡。人们经常将这些牧区的变化看作是人口增加所导致的必然结果。希塔嘎查的调查表明,许多制度的选择并不是人口资源压力下的唯一选择。如走场制度的被放弃主要不是人口和牲畜增加的自然结果,而是畜牧业经营单位被缩小的结果,因此希望通过减少牧区人口,从而减少牲畜,并最终改善草原环境的政策也因为多种因素的影响而无法达到预期的结果。

Herders under Household Management of Rangeland——Case Study of Xita Village in Inner Mongolia

Pasture area in China is under rapid change.Traditional nomadic pastoralism has been replaced by sedentary herding and subdivision of grassland;more herders were relocated to urban sector because of market economy and government's poeicy Government launched the policies,such as grazing ban,balancing livestock and pasture,etc.to protect the degraded grassland.It is popular to attribute the changing to the rapid growth of population and try to solve problems in grassland by reducing population in herding area.The research in Xita herding village shows that institutional choice in herding was not a direct result of population growth.Mobile herding was stopped not by population growth of people and livestock.More small livestock droves appeared in pasture brought conflicts and stopped the mobile herding.It is difficult to achieve the goal of grassland conservation by reducing population of people and livestock because complex factors attribute the grassland gradation.