发展中的精神分析学--从荣格、霍妮到拉康

弗洛伊德的精神分析学说通常被学界称为经典的精神分析学.但是,弗洛伊德和他的著作并未被他的后继者当作不可怀疑的偶像和一成不变的经典.弗氏的得意弟子荣格首先提出"集体无意识"向其发难,将无意识研究从单纯的医学实践转向考古学、神话学和人类学,由此开创了分析心理学派.继荣格后,社会精神分析学的主将霍妮又对弗氏理论对文化的轻视提出质疑,从社会文化角度考察女性心理,同时在亲子关系的界定上广泛吸收文化人类学、社会学的研究成果,对俄狄浦斯情结进行了社会性解读.1960年代随着结构主义的兴起,拉康开始将目光投向结构主义,架起了精神分析学与结构主义语言学的桥梁,在对词语给予特殊重视的同时,通过"镜像阶段"和主体心理三层结构论重新唤起了人们对精神分析的兴趣,从哲学的高度构建起结构主义精神分析学,使其在后现代语境中不断生成新的意义.

Psychoanalysis from Karl Jung, Karen Horney to Jaques Lacan

Although held in high esteem, the Freudian psychoanalysis was challenged by many of his contemporaries and later followers. Karl Jung, for the first time, modified the Freudian theory by suggesting the notion of collective unconscious and guided the study of the unconscious from medicine to archeology, mythology and anthropology. Karen Horney examined the cultural and the feminist aspects of the unconscious and scrutinized the Freudian Oedipus Complex. In the 1960s, Jaques Lacan bridged structuralism and psychoanalysis and thus lifted the study of the unconscious to a philosophical plane. The paper is thus a comprehensive study of this evolution from the initiators to the contemporary scholars.