语义悖论、直观悖论和决策悖论--关于悖论的分类和解决

语义悖论有广义和狭义之分，广义的语义悖论包括所有悖论，而狭义的语义悖论与直观悖论和决策悖论相区别。直观悖论涉及语义分析与直观事实之间的背离，其中又有简单和复杂之分。简单的直观悖论包括芝诺悖论，复杂的直观悖论涉及对“直观事实”的解释或认识，就是所谓的“认知悖论”，如意外考试悖论。决策悖论是语义分析之结果的应用困境，它的产生常常不仅来自语义分析，而且来自价值分析，如囚徒困境。一些最简单的决策悖论只涉及操作而不直接涉及价值，故而称之为“操作悖论”，如理发师悖论。对这些不同类型的悖论分别给出解决方案，并以双信封悖论为例来说明有些悖论不只一种解决方案。

Semantic Paradox,Intuitive Paradox and Decision Paradox:the Classification and Settlements of Paradoxes

The concept of semantic paradox is to be understood in two sense:in the broad sense, semantic paradox contains all of the paradoxes;in the narrow sense,it is distinguished with intuitive paradox and decision paradox.Intuitive paradox,which involves deviation between semantic analysis and intuitive fact,could be divided into simple and complex one.Unlike Zeno paradox,which is the simple intuitive paradox,the complex intuitive paradox refers to the interpretation and recognition of the “intuitive fact”,so that it could be called “cognitive paradox”,e.g.,the Surprise Exam paradox.Meanwhile,decision paradox comes from the application of semantic analysis,which is not only caused by the semantic analysis but also by value analysis.The simplest decision paradox refers to operation only,thus it can be called “paradox of operation”,e.g.,the Barber paradox.This article has put forward some settlements for the different types of paradoxes,and,through an example of the Two Envelopes paradox,gives a demonstration that there are more than one solutions for some paradoxes.