"毛主义"话语的起源、性质与内涵--简评史华慈《中国的共产主义运动与毛泽东的崛起》

美国哈佛大学已故教授史华慈是当代最著名的现代中国问题研究专家,其名著<中国的共产主义运动与毛泽东的崛起>是其博士论文并是其成名作.该书中,史华慈首次提出"毛主义"的学术范式,对其形成、内涵和意义进行了最早的论证.他强调"毛主义"在革命的理念上与斯大林主义有着明显的差异,毛主义是"由农民所进行的革命",而不仅仅是"为了农民而进行的革命".前者强调农民自身就是革命的主体、性质和动力,而后者则只把农民利益当作革命的重要目标之一.显然二者的意义有着本质的不同.史华慈的这些论点对西方毛泽东研究领域影响极大,并引起了广泛争论.

The Origin, Essence and Connotation of "Maoism" Discourse:A Brief Review of Benjamin I. Schwartz's The China's Communist Movement and the Rise of Mao Zedong

Benjamin I. Schwartz, the late professor with Harvard University, was a renowned scholar on modem China issues. His work The China' s Communist Movement and the Rise of Mao Zedong was his doctoral dissertation, which made a name for himself. In this work, Schwartz was the first to put forward the academic pattern of "Maoism" , and made an initial study of its origin, essence and connotation. He stressed that "Maoism was obviously different from Stalinism. Maoism was "the revolution conducted by the peasants", which was more than the "the revolution by the peasants but only for them". The former stressed that peasants themselves were the main body, essence and the drive of revolution, while the latter only regarded the peasants' interests as one of the important goals of revolution. It is obvious that these two are essentially different. Schwartz' s viewpoints have much influenced the study of Mao Zedong in the Western countries, and thus brought out many disputes.