明清之际士人对传统政治秩序的理论批判——质疑和救治

政局新动向和人文新因素使明清之际士人质疑和救治了传统政治秩序，其主要成果集中在《明夷待访录》和《天下郡国利病书》。《明夷待访录》通过历史理性探讨皇权专制中君臣的权职失衡，提出了“天下之法”方案和“学校”途径。《天下郡国利病书》采用现实理性探讨君主集权下国家和郡县的权分失调，提出了“寓封建之意于郡县之中”方案和“圣人”途径。这为后来中国的政治变革创造了突破口、注入了新因素和启引了新思路。

The Theoretical Criticism of the Traditional Political Order by the Gentlemen during the Ming and the Qing Dynasty——Questioning and correcting

The new direction of politics and new factors of humanities provided the gentlemen during the Ming and the Qing Dynasty with the opportunities to question and correct the traditional political order. The main achievements reflected in two books ： Ming-yi Treated Visits Record and The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Counties and Countries in the World. Based on rational historical exploration, the former discusses on the imbal- aneed situation of duty and position of the imperial authority and ministers. It puts forward the “law of the ideal world” and the way of “running school”. The latter, with a realistic approach, studies the imbalaneed situation of the power and duty of the officials in the counties and under the imperial court. It proposes a way to treat “the feudal in the prefectures and counties” and the approach of “the sage”. This has created a breakthrough for the political reform in China in the future and put in new factors and enlightened new ideas for that.