控制与失控：清代幕友与国家的关系

幕友虽非官员,却参与地方官员的机要;虽无法定的权力,但与权力相依傍。正是幕主与幕友的私属性、幕友在政治中的重要性以及官员聘用幕友的广泛性,清政府采取诸多办法,对幕友及其行为进行规范,以达到“得幕宾之益,而不受其累”的目标。但结果并非完全如此,在晚清,国家对幕友则有失控的趋向。文章描述了国家与幕友关系的变动,概括了国家对幕友控制的基本特点,分析了国家对幕友失控的原因,并从这个角度探讨晚清地方官制改革的必要性。

On the Relation Between Qing Government and Mu-you

Mu-fu took part in official affairs while he was not official;Mu-you attached himself to power while he had no lawful power.Qing government adopted all kinds of policy to stipulate official,Mu-you and relation between official and Mu-you in order to reach the aim which official got advantages from Mu-you and avoided disadvantages,because there was private quality between official and Mu-you importance which Mu-you is in politics and wide-ranging which official engaged Mu-you.However many Mu-you continued to disobey law and handled matters beyond the control of Qing government.The paper describes the change of relation between Mu-you and country,summarizes the basic features of country's control,analyses the causes which Min-bin is out of control and probes into the necessity of reforming Mu-fu system in the late Qing Dynasty.