美国学业指导制度变迁研究及对我国的启示

根据学业指导的发展程度,美国高等教育经历了前学业指导、初级学业指导和现代学业指导3个阶段,其操作模式又可分为诊疗型模式和发展型模式。美国学业指导体系根据形式发展,逐渐给予了有特殊需求的学生足够的关注与尊重,其中对国际学生、有转专业意向学生、首代大学生以及女性的学业指导对我国高等教育有一定的启发意义,中国的学业指导制度虽出现了各种萌芽并有了一定的初期发展,但总体状况并不尽如人意。中美学业指导差距的根本原因在于美国文化崇尚个性,尊重个体,而中国高等教育中学生的主体地位并不突出。通过比较发现美国学业指导变迁对我国具有一定启示：转变教育观念,树立学生的主体地位;探索适合中国国情的学业指导模式;挑选部分学业指导工作已有一定基础的高校,加强投入,展开试点工作;做好学业指导与就业指导的统筹规划。

Changes in American Academic Tutoring System and Its Inspirations to China

According to the extent to which academic tutoring has developed, academic tutoring in America has gone through three stages： the preparatory stage, the preliminary stage and the modern stage and it operates in two patterns： the clinic pattern and the developmental pattern. It pays considerable attention and respect to the students with special needs. And the academic tutoring offered to international students, students intended to change their majors, college students of first generation and female students are an inspiration to China＇s higher education. However, academic tutoring in China is still in its embryonic and preliminary stage of development and its situation is not quite satisfactory. It differs from its American counterpart in that the position of students as the subject is not conspicuous while American culture worships personality. The changes in American academic tutoring demonstrate that we should establish the standing of students as the subject by changing our educational concepts, explore the pattern of academic tutoring suited to our national characteristics, conduct pilot research in some universities which have done considerable work in academic tutoring, and make overall plans for both academic tutoring and career guidance.