简论墨子“尚贤、尚同”思想的实质

墨子要实现兼爱交利的社会理想,采取的治理国家的主要方式是“尚贤”和“尚同”,而“尚同”是从社会制度上实现其“尚贤”思想。尚同的思想首先关涉社会、国家的起源问题,除了天子尚无法确定是由何种方式产生,其他各级官吏实际上都是由上而下任命产生的。中国古代的专制政体或中央集权制,是建立在家族等级制度基础之上的,而墨子的尚同原则,是同他的兼爱交利思想不可分割地联系在一起的,与家族等级制正相反。它也可以被看作是集权或专制,但与中国现实社会的专制和集权还不一样,因为其根基不同。

On Mo Di's Ideas of Esteeming Sages and Esteeming Accordance

In order to realize his social ideal of indiscriminate love and mutual-benefit,Mo Di took the esteem of sages and accordance as his main approach in administration.He specified that the esteem of sages is the foundation of administration.The esteem of accordance is the practice of the esteem of sages in terms of the social system.The esteem of accordance,in the first place,concerns the origin of society and nation:although it is not certain how the monarch is produced,all the offcials are appointed in a top-down manner.MO Di's principle of accordance-esteem is related to his ideas of indiscriminative love and mutual benefit,and run contrary to the familial hierarchical system.This principle can also be regarded as centralication of power or autarchy,but it differs from the centralization and autarchy in reality,for it has a different foundation.