原型的再生:孙悟空与方相氏

有关孙悟空的原型之争初见于上世纪初,较有代表性的观点有三类:胡适的“外来说”、鲁迅的“本土说”和当代学者季羡林的“混血说”等,均以“猴形”身貌特征———即以猴论猴作为追本溯源的立足点。笔者以为,“猴形”只是用来挪喻与吸引读者审美需要的假借之物,而透过“猴形”所蕴含的“原始意象”才是孙悟空形象的原型意义所在。孙悟空在整部《西游记》中所扮演的角色最重大的职责是替人类(唐僧)驱逐各类妖魔鬼怪,这可溯源于原始的驱傩首领方相氏角色。孙悟空的两件法宝:一是火眼金睛可识别妖魔鬼怪,来源于方相氏的“黄金四目”;二是“如意金箍棒”可驱邪逐祟,来源于驱鬼的“终葵”(驱鬼棒),而“终葵”后演化为“钟馗”,在宋以后的大傩仪中实际充当着方相氏的职责,实际上也源于方相氏。另外,从孙悟空的身世、神态与装扮特点等方面,也能看到方相氏的某些“原始意象”痕迹。故孙悟空的原型即方相氏。

Monkey King and Fang Xiangshi: the rebirth of prototype

The dispute on the prototype of Monkey King began in the early years of 20th century, among which the most representative three versions are the foreign origin by Hu Shi, the domestic origin by Lu Xun and the combined origin by Ji Xianlin. All the three versions take the same foothold that the character was originally a monkey. The author of this article holds that the image of monkey only serves to attract readers while the primitive spirit embodied in Monkey King is what the novelist really intends to express and explore. In the novel Journey to the West, Monkey King plays the role of driving away evils and demons for human beings. This can be traced back to the role of Fang Xiangshi who was the chieftain of driving away demons in the primitive society. Monkey King’s two magic weapons the fiery eyes and diamond pupils and golden cudgel actually originated from Fang Xiangshi. As for Monkey King’s life experience, manner and dressing, there are also some traces of Fang Xiangshi. Therefore, the author believes that Fang Xiangshi is the original model of Monkey King.