环境整体主义：争议与辩护

利奥波德的“大地伦理”开创了环境整体主义的新路径，但他简洁的表述风格为反对者留下了口实，为此，个体主义与整体主义围绕着“生态法西斯”、“反人类”等问题展开过激烈的争论。尽管个体主义者夸大了问题的严重性，但随着整体主义的后继理论不断弥补原有理论的不足，整体主义的合理性日益增强。从趋势上看，一种充分考虑了个体利益的环境整体主义将会成为环境伦理未来的发展方向。

Environmental Holism:Disputes and Defenses

Leopold’s "land ethic" has opened up a new path for environmental holism,but his concise statement of the idea has been attacked by the opponents.There have been intense disputes as to whether holism is "eco-fascism" and "misanthropy" in the field of environmental ethics.Although individualists exaggerate the magnitude of the problem,they do reveal some problems of "land ethic".Faced with the problems,the holism followers have been endeavoring to solve them.As a matter of fact,what should all holists strive for is an environmental holism which takes the individual interests into consideration.