中国交通拥挤收费的理论分析、经验借鉴与初步构想

随着交通机动化和汽车私人化迅猛发展,主要城市都不同程度地遭受着交通拥挤的困扰.以往缓解交通拥挤问题主要依靠供给政策和行政措施,然而实践证明运用供给政策调节往往陷入“交通拥挤—扩建道路—私人交通增多—公交需求减少—交通更加拥挤“的恶性循环.在给出了Downs-Thomson及Braess两种通勤悖论的基础上,分别证明在某些条件下提高道路交通容量是无效甚至起反作用;分析了交通拥挤收费的经济学原理,证明拥挤收费可以有效解决通勤悖论;介绍了拥挤收费的国际经验;探讨了中国实施拥挤收费的必要性和可行性,强调中国应该结合供需政策,运用收费机制纠正市场失灵,引导人们科学出行,从而缓解道路拥挤,发展绿色城市交通.

Theoretical analysis,experience reference and preliminary conception of traffic congestion pricing in China

As the rapid development of traffic motorization and personal cars, major cities are suffering from traffic congestion in varying degrees. In the past, solving traffic congestion problem mainly relied on the supply policy and administrative measures. However, practices have proved regulation by supply policy tends to fall into the vicious circle of “traffic congestion, road expansion, private cars increased, public transport demand reduced and traffic more crowded”. Baaing on Downs Thomson＇s commuting paradox and Braess＇, this article proves respectively that under certain conditions, improving road traffic capacity is ineffective or even counterproductive. By analyzing the principles of the economics of traffic congestion pricing, it proves that congestion pricing can effectively solve the commuting paradoxes. This article introduces the international experience of congestion pricing; and it discusses the necessity and feasibility of the implementation of congestion charging in China, stressing that China should be combined the problem with the policy of supply and demand, using the charging mechanism to correct market failure, and guiding people to travel reasonably, so as to ease traffic congestion, and developgreen urban traffic.