再生能源生产和消费中的外部性与最优政策——以生物质能为例

再生能源具有较好的环保效果但是却有较高的成本,实践中政府普遍依据再生能源产业的总产量进行补贴。然而,再生能源的消费虽具有环境友善性,但其生产过程,一般要消耗传统能源,仍然会对环境产生一定污染,仅有补贴未免失之偏颇,且对总产量补贴也有不当之处。若将再生能源生产过程中的环境污染纳入考虑时,政府应当如何应对?研究发现:第一,无论厂商是否具有污染治理技术,也无论市场结构如何,最优污染治理税率均应等于污染边际损害,即最优污染治理税为庇古税。第二,在完全竞争市场结构下,最优补贴率等于再生能源的边际收益,即最优补贴率为庇古补贴;在寡占市场结构下,最优补贴率应大于再生能源的边际收益,且厂商市场势力越大,最优补贴率越高。

Optimal Policy for Renewable Energy with Externality both in Production and Consumption ——The Case of Biomass Energy

Renewable energy has environmental friendliness, but its production process can still cause damage to the environment. This paper examines the best policies of the government while taking environmental pollution of the renewable energy production into consideration. The main conclusions are as follows: firstly, regardless of whether the manufacturer has pollution control technology or not, regardless of the market structure, the optimal tax rate should be equal to the marginal damage of pollution, namely optimal pollution prevention tax is the Pigouvian tax. Secondly, in the fully competitive market structure, the optimal regeneration rate is equal to the marginal revenue energy subsidies for renewable energy, namely the optimal subsidy rate is Pigouvian subsidy;while in the oligopoly market structure, the optimal subsidy rate is higher than that of the renewable energy firms in the completely competition market, and the greater market power the firm has, the higher the optimal subsidy rate should be.