论中国自动驾驶汽车监管制度的建立

自动驾驶汽车正逐渐从理念转变为现实。世界各国均大力支持自动驾驶技术研发，纷纷出台相关法令，其中美国、欧洲和日本表现突出。中国已经启动自动驾驶汽车的研究工作，目前尚无系统法律出台，不能适应自动驾驶技术发展的需要。自动驾驶汽车立法的首要工作应是建立监管制度，明确“自动驾驶汽车”和“操作人”这两个基础概念。可采取概括+对自动化程度进行分级的方式结合自动化程度的分级标准，界定“自动驾驶汽车”的内涵和外延，厘清智能汽车、自动驾驶汽车、无人驾驶汽车等容易混淆的概念，以“操作人”取代传统法律中的“司机”概念，给未来技术的发展留下更多探索空间。在现阶段中国应优先建立科学的道路测试监管制度，对道路测试申请、注册和测试中监管等核心环节提出原则性、可操作的规范和要求，并根据实践经验不断加以细化完善，在保障公共安全和推动自动驾驶产业发展的双重目标之间找到平衡。此外，还需尽快建立合理的市场准入制度，明确自动驾驶汽车市场准入条件、市场准入程序和准入后的持续监管规则。

On the Establishment of Autonomous Vehicles Regulatory System in China

Autonomous vehicle technology is gradually going from concept to reality. In order to snatch the future market, many countries have enacted legislation to support autonomous vehicle technology research and development, especially the United States, Europe and Japan. Although China has started research on autonomous vehicles, no legislation has ever been passed; there arises a conflict between the development of technology and lack of legislation. We should pay attention to and launch legislation as soon as possible. The primary task of autonomous vehicle legislation should be to establish a regulatory system. First of all, the two basic concepts of "autonomous vehicle" and "operator"should be clarified. The connotation and denotation of autonomous vehicle can be defined and the degree of automation can be established. In addition, the confusing concept of smart cars, autonomous vehicles and driverless cars should be distinguished. The concept of "driver"in the traditional law should be replaced by "operator", leaving more space for future development of technology. Second, China should give priority to establishing a scientific supervision and management system for road test at this stage, put forward principles and operational norms and requirements for road test application, registration, supervision and control, and refine them according to practical experience, to find the balance between the goals of ensuring public safety and promoting the autonomous vehicle industry. Lastly, a reasonable market access system should be established as early as possible, to specify market access conditions and procedures for autonomous vehicles and the continuing regulatory rules after entry into the market.