论明清时期土目的来源——土目研究系列之一

“土司无等可降”并非是土目的唯一来源,土目主要来源至少有七个,其形成既处于非官非民又亦官亦民的游离状态又多因多元,一定程度上反映了土司区各个层面各种势力消长,即使在土司降授为土目的过程中,朝廷对降授的地域空间均具有极大选择性。

Source of the System of Appointing National Minority Hereditary Headmen in Ming & Qing Dynasties --One of Series Researches

"Appointing National Minority Hereditary Headmen without Special Ranks" should not be seen as the sole source of National Minority Hereditary Headmen,among the seven main sources,which was in a unstable state neither official nor civil and sometimes either official or civil,in short,of multi-conditional and pluralism.It in a degree reflected the increase or decrease of all powers of groups of the system and even in the process of assignment the authority possessed greater choice in regions or areas.