环境污染和生态破坏责任的二元耦合结构——基于《民法典·侵权责任编》（草案）的考察

《民法典·侵权责任编》（草案）第七章“环境污染和生态破坏责任”规定了两种不同类型的侵权责任。“造成他人损害”侵犯的客体是《侵权责任法》所调整的传统的人身或财产（私）权益，“造成生态环境损害”侵犯的客体则是未被现行《侵权责任法》所调整的生态环境（公）权益。由此，广义的环境侵权概念可分为侵犯私权益的普通环境侵权和侵犯公权益的生态环境侵权。无论普通环境侵权还是生态环境侵权，其行为都涉及污染环境或破坏生态的事实，因此在责任分担所考虑的因素、惩罚性赔偿等方面应适用形式上相同的规则。而由于普通环境侵权和生态环境侵权在侵犯的权益性质、原被告举证能力上存在不同，因此在归责原则、举证责任、第三人责任的规范上应体现出适用上的差异。为更合理地展现环境污染和生态破坏责任的这种二元耦合结构，《民法典·侵权责任编》（草案）第七章的七个条文在排序和文字细节上尚有值得调整的空间。

The Dual Coupling Structure of Environmental Pollution and Ecological Damage Liability—An Investigation Based on the Tort Liability of Civil Code (Draft)

In Chapter 7,"Liability for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Destruction" of the Civil Code (draft),two different types of tort liability are stipulated.The object of "causing damage to others" is the traditional personal or property (private) rights and interests regulated by the Tort Liability Law,while the object of "causing eco-environmental damage" is the ecological environment (public) rights and interests that have not been currently regulated.Therefore,the broad concept of environmental tort can be divided into ordinary environmental tort infringing on private rights and interests and ecological environmental tort infringing on public rights and interests.Whether it is ordinary environmental tort or ecological environmental tort,the behavior involves polluting the environment or destroying the ecology,so the same rules in form should be applied in the factors considered in the sharing of responsibility and punitive damages.Because the ordinary environmental tort and the ecological environmental tort are different in the nature of the rights and interests of the infringement and the ability of proof of the original defendant,there should be differences in the application of the principle of imputation,the burden of proof and the responsibility of the third party.In order to reasonably show the dual coupling structure of environmental pollution and ecological damage liability,there is room for adjustment in the order and text details of the seven provisions in Chapter 7 of the Tort Liability of Civil Code (draft).