民事诉讼发回重审制度中的利益衡平

依照现行民事诉讼法的规定，当案件在原审法院未获实质审理时，二审法院或再审法院应当将案件发回原审法院进行重新审理。设置发回重审制度的初衷在于保障当事人的审级利益。现行立法对审级利益的绝对保障实质上是一种法律父爱主义的做法，当事人的程序利益遭到漠视。缺少制约的发回重审有产生异化的风险，反转成为法院拒绝司法、规避审限规定之借口。民事诉讼法修订时，发回重审制度的重构应以审级利益与程序利益相平衡为前导法理，并通过确立当事人的程序选择权，即承认当事人之间以是否发回重审的合意为内容的诉讼契约之效力，以遏制审判权行使的恣意、恶意因素，最终实现当事人利益的最大化。

The Balance of Interests in Sending back for Retrial System in Civil Procedures

In accordance with the current provisions of the Civil Procedure Law,if the case has not been heard substantially,the higher court shall order the lower court a retrial.The original intention of sending a case back for retrial is to protect the trial-level interests of the parties.The absolute protection of the trial-level interests of the parties in the legislation is essentially a kind of legal paternalism,the procedure interests of the parties is ignored here.The retrial has faced the risk of alienation to be the excuse of the denial of justice and avoiding of trial period because of the lack of constraints.The reconstruction of sending back for retrial system should be guided by the theory of the balance between the trial-level interests and the procedure interests,and respect the procedure option rights of the parties,that is to say,recognize the validity of the litigation contract between the parties,so as to curb the arbitrary and malicious factor of judicial power,ultimately,to maximize the interests of the parties.