分科设学和清末民初中国的学术转型

在中国近代学术转型中起了重要作用的分科设学模式，是传统的内部变动和西学的外部输入错综交织的产物。清末学人在教育改革中重新发现并发展了宋儒胡瑗以来的分斋课士的书院传统，逐步将西学门类整合进传统的知识体系之中，经由学校体制、分科设计和研究方法的层层更新，形成了一幅中西学冲突融合，书院和学堂彼此移位，经学失去主导价值，以致传统学术体系最终分解的极其复杂的图景。

Instruction according to Disciplines and the Chinese Academic Transformation at the Turn of the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Instruction according to disciplines, the model which has acted an important role in academic transformation of modern china, was a complex product of interaction between the traditional inner changes and the western knowledge imported from outside. During the process in the educational refo rm in the late Qing Dynasty, the rediscovery of different education given to students in different studies, the academic tradition since Huyuan in the Song Dyna sty, has successfully led to the integration of western knowledge and traditional learning. With the advent of school system, division of disciplines and the de velopment of researching methods there occurs a picture so difficult to define, in which traditional knowledge order conflicts with the western knowledge system and they mingle with each other, Shuyuan and Xuetang, these two forms of places for studies exchanged their functions, Classics lose its leading role, while th e traditional academic system disintegrated in the end.