明代科举的发展特征与启示

明代科举处于中国古代科举发展的鼎盛阶段,具有以下明显特征:完全与官学教育融为一体,形成了包括科考、乡试、会试、殿试和庶吉士考选在内的五级考试体系以及以科举功名为主、学校功名为辅的层级功名体系,科目单一和考试高度统一,防范和惩治作弊之制空前严密,分地确定解额和录取比例制度合理、完备,实行进士观政制度,规范性、包容性、适应性、公正性和吸引力都空前加强,明中叶后科举功名成为决定士子个人前程和朝廷分配政治资源的决定性因素。这既是科举制自身发展和明代社会内在要求的产物,也是明代统治者统治理念的反映和其高度重视的结果。既对选才和普及儒学文化尤其是促进社会稳定发挥了巨大的积极作用,也带来人力和智力资源的巨大浪费、败坏和压抑人才、延缓了社会的发展进程等消极影响。

Development Characteristics and Inspirations of Imperial Examinations in the Ming Dynasty

In Ancient China,the development of imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty was at the peak stage,the main features as follows:Imperial examinations have combined with government schools completely,formed the five-test system of the Kekao,Xiangshi,Huishi,Dianshi and Shujishi,and a system of rank and fame.Single subjects and examinations were high unification.The system of preventing and punishing cheating was unprecedented strict.According to the area to distribute the proportion of the number and enrollment rate were greatly strengthen,Jinshi exercitation system was carried out efficiently.The government significantly enhanced the normative,adaptability,fairness and attractiveness of the imperial examinations system.After the middle age of the Ming Dynasty,imperial examinations has become the decisive factors in determining the future of students and in the distribution of political resources.This is not only the product of the imperial examination system development itself and the requirement of social development in the Ming Dynasty,but also it is the product of the Ming rulers government had a high regard to it.On one hand,imperial examination system play a important role in select talents and universal Confucianism culture,especially it can advance social stability,on the other hand,imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty led to tremendous waste in manpower and intellect,corrupt and restrain talents,block social development,etc.