城市流动人口的生存状况及贫困特征

通过对哈尔滨市三个城乡接合部的社区中居住的常住流动人口的随机抽样调查表明，流动人口的年龄为30-50岁的人居多，已婚者占绝大多数，男性略多于女性。初中及以下学历的人数高达90．4％以上。60％以上的人在流动之前低于当地的平均生活水平。他们来到城市以后，从事的是粗、重、脏、苦、累的行业和工种，收入普遍偏低。食品、固定的水电煤费、房租及子女就读或就托赞成为四项最大的家庭支出。哈尔滨的绝大部分流动人口来自于黑龙江省内，1996年以后流动人口的数量增加较多。用农村的标准来衡量，他们的生活得到了改善，但是与居住地的城市居民相比，差距非常大。哈尔滨市流动人口的贫困发生率显著高于城市人口。流动人口贫困层的贫困程度较城市贫困人口更加严重，是绝对贫困和生存性贫困。

Living Conditions and Poverty Characteristics among Migrating Workers

By the random sampling, the authors interview the migrating residents in three communities in urban and rural joint zone in Harbin. The result shows that the migration＇s ages between thirty and fifty have high percentage, and most of them are married and the male are slightly more than the female. The percentage of migration＇s education qualification under junior high school reaches 90.4. The living standard of more than sixty percentages of the migration is lower than the local before they arrived in Harbin. After the migration arrived in Harbin, they are engaged on the rough work, task work, messy job, dirty work and fatigue work, their income is low in general. The food fee, the standard living fee including the water charge, electricity charge and coal charge, the house rent and the education fee of children have become the four maximal expense in domestic expense. The most migration in Harbin come from the Heilongjiang province, After 1996, the amount of migration increases by years. Compared with the rural standard, their living conditions are better, but compared with the urban standard, they are still in poverty. The poverty rate of migrating workers in Harbin is evidently higher than the urban residents. Their poverty degree is more than that of the urban residents.