《奏谳书》与秦汉法律实际应用

张家山汉简《奏谳书》编录的秦、汉案例文书是宝贵的法律文献,具体反映了秦汉法律的实际应用状况和原则,经与云梦睡虎地秦简、龙岗秦简的秦律、张家山汉简《二年律令》的汉律对照研究发现:秦律规定的“毋笞掠而得人情为上”、“笞掠为下”的治狱思想和原则没有认真贯彻落实,与治狱实际存在差距;秦律严厉且缺乏弹性,禁止治狱官吏“释法”;秦在对执法官吏进行个人道德及法律教育的同时还重视对在具体执法过程中表现突出的治狱官吏进行表彰;汉初统治者在执行法律过程中存在疑罪从重的倾向,疑罪从轻原则并非始于汉初;汉初严格执行“法时”原则,强调依犯罪时所施行的法律判罪。《奏谳书》直接架起了出土秦律与汉律二者之间关系的桥梁,反映了秦汉法律的继承与发展,为秦末汉初司法制度的演变提供了依据,在秦汉法律关系研究中具有重要的意义。

Practices of Zouyanshu and Qin and Han Dynasties Laws

The document of Qin-Han Dynasties in Zouyanshu of Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slips is precious document of law. It reflects the practical state and principle of Qin-Han Dynaties Laws. Through comparing Qin Law from Qin Slips of Shuihudi and Longgang in Yunmeng County with Han Law Second Year Law(二年律令) in Zhangjiashan Han Slips we found that the thought and principle in administering jail of “the best getting confession without flogging and the worst getting confession by flogging” did not put into effect.Thus it existed gap in reality of administering jail.The Qin Dynasty Law is severe and without elasticity.It bans jailer to explain law(释法). The Qin Dynasty Law carried out moral and legal education to the judges while attached importance to commend jailers with outstanding doing well in effectively enforcing the law.The rulers of early Han Dynasty had trend to severely punish uncondemned criminal in enforcing law.Lightly punishing not been carried out from early Han Dynasty. In early Han Dynasty rigorously enforced principle of “legal time”(法时) that is to condemn criminal must be according to the law in the criminal then.