汉代的罚金和赎刑——《二年律令》研读札记

罚金和赎刑是中国古代法制史上的重要刑罚,是对犯罪行为的一种经济制裁,属财产刑。由于史料缺乏,这一问题在张家山汉墓竹简等简牍出土以前一直未得到系统研究。汉代的罚金分七个等级:半两、一两、二两、四两、八两、一斤、二斤;它既适用于一般百姓,也针对官吏的罪行进行处罚,不限定一定的身份和阶层,所不同的是汉代罚金所涉及的官吏名称较秦律为多,但大都是较低级的官吏。汉代罚金的适用罪名很多,有以下犯上、任人不廉、盗窃、学业不精、打架斗殴等罪行,涉及政治、经济以及文化教育各方面,森严的等级性是其本质特征。汉代的赎刑小到赎耐、赎迁,大到赎死,几乎全部刑罚都可以赎。赎宫、赎死已不像秦代时只有特权阶级才可以赎,汉代法律原则上规定平民百姓也可以赎死、赎宫。汉代赎刑的表现形式多种多样,以黄金为主,铜钱为辅,兼及爵位、竹、谷、缣、粟、马、军功等形式。汉代赎刑适用对象很广,各类赎刑从法律表面规定的情况来看没有等级及特权的限制,即官民通用。

The Penal Sum and the Atonement of the Han Dynasty

The Penal Sum and the Atonement are the Important penalties on the history of Chinese ancient legal system.They both base on the economic sanctions to Criminal offences,which belong to the property penalty. Because of the lack of historical data about this filed, the Penal Sum and the Atonement of the Qin and Han Dynasty did not get the system research before Zhang Jiashan Han Jian has been diding. The penal sum of the Han Dynasty divides seven grades. It since be applicable to the general common people, also aim at the criminal acts of the officialdom, wich does not limit the certain body. The officialdom involved in the Penal Sum of the Han Dynasty are mostly lower class, which is different from the Qin Dynasty. The Penal Sum of the Han Dynasty was applicable to many criminal acts,such as below rebel against authority、thieves and burglars、not studying diligently etc. involving the politics, economy and culture education. The severe grade is its innate character characteristic.The Atonement was used in almost all penalties of the Han Dynasty. Civilian's common people also could"Shu Si" 、"Shu Gong".Many Criminal acts could be atoned by various variety. Gold was as principle, the copper money was for assisting, concurrently and feudal title, bamboo 、valley 、horse, etc. The Atonement has not the restrict of the privilege,which was applicable to every people in principle.