论实现教育机会均等政策目标的理念和制度创新策略

教育公平是社会公平的重要基础.确保教育机会均等是促进教育平等、实现教育公平的关键因素.教育机会是指人们通过办学和施教使个体接受教育的可能性.教育平等是不同个体之间接受教育的可能性和现实性方面的相同性.教育机会均等是指人们特别是青少年儿童接受教育的可能性的相同性.教育机会均等可以分为平等的利用和平等的起点,形式上的教育机会均等和实质上的教育机会均等,个体起点的平等、中介性阶段的平等和最终目标方面的平等,入学方面的均等和继续在学校读书的均等,作为向才能开放的前途的平等和作为公平机会平等的平等.教育理念是人们追求教育的理想.为了实现教育机会均等的理念,人们有必要遵循以人为本、以民主主义为本、以权利为本、以适合的教育为本的理念,以及基于平等和差别对待的理念、教育机会平等优先和教育结果平等其次的理念、法律上的教育机会均等优先和事实上的教育机会均等其次的理念.为了更好地实现教育机会均等的政策目标,有必要在教育组织和结构分化制度、教育分流制度、教育筛选制度、考试制度、评价制度、资源配置制度等方面进行改革和创新,努力完善全民教育体系和终身教育体系.

On Ideals and Strategies for System Innovation in Achieving Goals of Equality of Educational Opportunity

Educational equity is the basis of social equity. Education equity is a main task to be completed in the development of education in China. However, at present there exist various problems concerning educational equity and equality of opportunity of education, the unequal distribution of educational opportunities and benefits for different social groups.The equality of educational opportunity denotes whether there are the same possibilities for children from different social groups to get into schools, stay in the school system to some defined levels, and learn the same things to the same levels.Equality of educational opportunity can be classified in the following way: First, equal access and equal starting point for social groups. Second, equality of educational opportunity defined in formal way and in substantive way. Third, equality in starting point, in intermediary phases, and in the final stage of learning. Fourth, equality of access and equality of survival. Fifth, equality as being open to the talents and equality of being oriented to the equity of opportunity.The education ideal serves as a guidance for education practice. In order to fulfill the objective in equality of educational opportunity, seven ideals should be followed, i.e., the human-oriented ideal, democracy-guided ideal, ideal of education on the basis of suitability, educational right oriented ideal, ideal of education both on the basis of the equity and of different treatment, ideal of equality of educational opportunity first and equality of educational outcome second, ideal of opportunity of educational opportunity formulated by law first and the actualization of equality of educational opportunity second.In order to fulfill equality of educational opportunity, the following measures should be taken: (1) to transform the educational organizations and structures; (2) to make innovation in system of education streaming and tracking; (3) to reform the system of screening; (4) to reform the system of examination in schools at various levels; (5) to improve the methods of resource allocation.