社会嵌入与社区集体经济发展——来自中国城市社区的经验证据

当前中国城市社区集体经济的传统发展模式越来越难以适应新形势的要求，很多城市相继建立了以社区股份合作公司为主要形式的市场化运作模式。然而，社区集体经济发展不仅是经济的发展，更是社区与社会的发展，社区集体经济的市场化无疑偏离了社区发展的轨道，面临着社会脱嵌的风险。具体来看，社区集体经济的社会脱嵌表现为行动脱嵌、规则脱嵌和资源脱嵌，浙江杭州高沙社区的集体经济发展态势为此提供了经验证据。社区集体经济市场化导致的社会风险需要引起地方政府的关注与重视，地方政府应实施积极的干预政策以纠正社区集体经济发展的方向。

Social Embeddedness and Community Collective Economy Development: An Empirical Evidence of Chinese Urban Community

This paper focuses on the development issue of community collective economy in urban China. Community collective economy is an important part of community economy in urban China and its development directly determines the quality of community development in urban China. Currently, It is increasingly difficult to adapt to the requirement of new trend for the traditional development mode of community collective economy, so local governments successively shapes the market-oriented mode of community collective economy in the main form of community joint-stock company. Nevertheless, community collective economy development, from its origin, is not only economic development but also community development and social development. There is no doubt that the full market-oriented mode of community collective economy deviates from the track of community development, So community collective economy has the risk of disconnecting with the society. Polanyi, Granovetter and other scholars proposed social embeddedness theory of economic action and thus provided the theoretical ground for the argument that community collective economy was embedded in communities and society. Social embeddedness theory argues that economic action is deeply embedded in society. But these scholars failed to interpret how economic action is embedded, and embrace such static social factors as relationship, structure, culture and institution. Accordingly, they ignored action capability of human being as a social subject. Contemporary well-know British sociologist Anthony Giddens gave both social action of human being as a social subject and social structure as rule and resource the same importance. and so that Giddens attempts to construct society through duality scheme of action and structure, therefore, three concepts of action, rule and resource provide a new insight for social embeddedness of economic action. In this sense, economic action is embedded in society through action, rule and resource, that is action embeddedness, rule embeddedness and resource embeddedness. Theoretically, community collective economy is also embedded in society through action, rule and resource, that is action embeddedness, rule embeddedness and resource embeddedness of community collective economy. This paper deeply analyzes social embeddedness of community collective economy in urban China by using the three-dimensional framework, so we find that the development of community collective economy is faced with danger of action disembeddedness, rule disembeddedness and resource disembeddedness, which leads to the trouble that the development of community collective economy breaks away from community or society. According to judgment sampling, we develop case study for social embeddedness of CCE by selecting Gaosha community in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. Community collective economy of Gaosha develops towards more market-oriented direction through reforming community joint-stock cooperative system, which Achieves the growth of community economy and then makes use of community collective funds solve community public issues and enhance social welfare of community residents, so that community collective economy of Gaosha, to some extent, achieves social embeddedness. However, community collective economy of Gaosha gradually deviate from direction of community development in the course of marketization, facing the risk of action disembeddedness, rule disembeddedness and resource disembeddedness. It is an important policy initiative that advocates development of community collective economy towards joint-stock cooperative system by formulated by Chinese government. However, joint-stock cooperative system of community collective economy brings about social disembed. At the same time, action disembeddedness, rule disembeddedness and resource disembeddedness of community collective economy limit its development and so the development of community collective economy need embed community and society. Therefore, local government must correct the direction of community collective economy development by policy intervene, so as to reduce the risks of social disembeddedness.