士的演进与商周文化的转型

商周文化的转型，士的使用发挥了基础性的作用。殷对夏之“众士”的使用，保证了夏商文化的延续。西周吸收“殷不用旧”的历史教训，对殷之“多士”进行改造，强化了对周士的培养、选拔和任命，不仅使得商周文化发生转型，而且在此认识上所形成的宗法制度、分封制度和礼乐制度，强化了周的贵族共和体制。

Evolution of Intellects and Transformation of Culture during Shang and Zhou Periods

The proper use of intellects played a decisive role in facilitating the transformation of culture in the Shang(17th-11th centuries B.C.) and the Zhou(1046 B.C.-256 B.C.) dynasties.While the Shang’s earlier employment of intellectual persons who had worked for the previous Xia dynasty(21st-17th centuries B.C.) did have enabled its inheritance of the Xia’s culture,its later emperors’ "employment of nobody having served the former ruler(s)" became an important reason for its fall.In view of that,the emperors of the succeeding Zhou dynasty started to "remold" the Shang’s intellectual elite,simultaneously attaching importance to the training,election and appointment of its own intellects.These have resulted not only in the transformation of culture from the Shang to the Zhou,but in the establishment of a series of political systems regarding clans,feods and rites,thereby consolidating the aristocratic republic system of the Zhou dynasty.