中华人民共和国70年农村社会救助政策回顾、反思与展望

农村社会救助不仅是农村社会保障体系中的政策性举措，而且是改善农村民生、维护社会公平的基础性安排。中华人民共和国成立70年来，农村社会救助政策先后经历了探索阶段、缓滞阶段、改革阶段、发展阶段和完善阶段，已形成较为科学完备的政策体系，并呈现出四个方面的特点，即政策顶层设计从粗犷走向精细、政策实施主体由单一走向多元、政策目标从生存型走向发展型、政策格局从城乡二元分割走向城乡一体化。中国农村社会救助政策运行取得的主要成就在于:实现了政策制定理念与时俱进、促进了新旧政策整体转型、维护了农村经济社会发展、推动了救助机制不断完善；从中概括的基本经验有:坚持救助政策与经济体制相适应、注重救助主体多元化、突出救助政策综合性、强调“输血”与“造血”并举。从现实出发，农村社会救助政策运行中存在着救助资源短缺、相关法律欠缺、基层力量薄弱、信息化程度低等问题，迫切需要稳定救助资源供给、推进法制化进程、增强基层执行力、促进信息化建设，以不断提高农村社会救助成效，保障困难农民共享美好生活。

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Rural social assistance is not only a policy measure in rural social security system, but also a basic arrangement to improve rural people’s livelihood and safeguard social equity. In the 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the rural social assistance policy has gone through the stages of exploration, delay, reform, development and improvement. And it has formed a scientific and complete policy system with four features. The top-level policy design develops from roughness to delicacy, the subject of the policy implementation rising from singleness to diversification, policy goals from survival to development, policy pattern from the dual division of urban and rural areas to urban and rural integration. On the whole, the main achievements of the rural social assistance policy in China are as follows: the realization of the policy formulation conception keeps pace with the times, the promotion of the overall transformation of the old and new policies, the maintenance of rural economic and social development, and the continuous improvement of the aid mechanism. The basic experiences summarized in this article include adhering to the rescue policy and adopting the economic system, paying attention to the diversification of the relief subjects, emphasizing the comprehensive nature of the rescue policy, and emphasizing “blood transfusion” and “hematopoietic” at the same time. Proceeding from the reality, there is still a shortage of relief resources, a lack of relevant laws, a weak grassroots force, and a low level of informatization in the operation of rural social assistance policies. There is an urgent need to stabilize the supply of relief resources, advance the process of legalization, enhance grassroots implementation and promote informatization. We will ensure that poor farmers enjoy a better life by continuously improving the effectiveness of social assistance in rural areas