《诗经》的制作、修改和使用

礼乐征伐自天子出的时代，诸侯不能制作自己的礼乐，但可以有条件地使用。天子礼乐制作的顺序原则是功成作乐、治定制礼，所以礼成一般在乐之后。仪式上运用礼乐时乐与歌舞并不要求同题对应，歌唱和舞蹈也不必同题一致，但要构成的礼乐形态必须符合王道的要求。这样，礼乐就有原礼乐与使用礼乐的区别。原礼乐本身根据要求也可以作出适当调整，但名称不变，如武王、周公翦商后制作的《大武》乐，原有殷商的音乐成分，在洛邑告成的时候制作礼乐《大武》，七成中去掉了不适宜宗庙的部分，将后面三成修订为安民、和众、丰财，而名称仍然叫《大武》乐。所以，礼乐可以根据需要改编，这也是为什么《诗经》会有异文的原因之一。礼乐作品表达不限于《诗经》本身，《诗经》礼乐可以舞韶歌武，和三代以来礼乐作品配合适用。礼崩乐坏以后，又出现诸侯制作的礼乐。流传到现在的《诗经》中的雅颂是西周的礼乐，风诗部分是原来天子赏赐诸侯的礼乐，是礼崩乐坏以后部分诸侯完成的礼乐。孔子删诗时保留了这些作品。

HUANG Zhen-yun

When rite, music and war were decided by the emperor, princes were not allowed to make their own rites and music. However, they could use them conditionally. The principle of the emperor’s rites & music production is to compose music after success, and to order rites after peace, so rites generally followed music in order. When rites & music was used, music did not need to correspond to singing and dancing with the same theme, and the same went for singing and dancing, but their form must meet the king’s requirements. Thus, there was a difference between the original rites & music and the used one. Original rites & music could be adjusted according to requirements, but its name remained unchanged. For example, after the extinction of Shang Dynasty, Dawu Music was produced by King Wu and Zhou Gongji with the combination of the music of past Dynasty . When the Luo city was built, the part of inappropriate sacrifice was deleted from this music. Although the latter three parts were modified into happy people, peaceful country and abundant wealth, the name was still called Dawu Music. Therefore, rites & music can be adapted with needs, which is one of the reasons why there are different versions for The Book of Songs . The expression of rites & music works did not limit to The Book of Songs itself; it could be used with the same type of works of three Dynasties, such as Shao or Wu. However, princes began to make rites & music after it perished in Spring and Autumn Period. Ya and Song in The Book of Songs belong to the rites and music of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Feng section includes partly the rites and music bestowed by the emperor and the one partly the rites and music composed by the princes. Confucius kept them when he arranged poems.