从语言哲学到比较民族学——布斯拉耶夫神话学理论探析

费.伊.布斯拉耶夫是俄国神话学派的奠基人,他继承并发展了德国神话学派代表人物格林兄弟等人的学说,将神话学研究同语言学、民间创作、民族传统文化及古代文学的研究紧密地结合了起来。布氏首次将比较-历史方法引入了俄国民间文学特别是神话的研究之中,就语言、神话与民俗的关系问题提出了一整套自己的理论,在俄语语言和民间文学的基础上建立起了俄国自己的比较-历史语言学和比较神话学。此外,布氏在将比较-历史方法广泛应用于语言、民间诗歌、神话、仪式等领域的过程中,力求将比较-历史原则与文化-历史原则结合起来,从而使其神话学研究体现出浓厚的文化-历史特色。布氏在30余年的神话研究活动中,自始至终地不断根据新材料、新问题来丰富并发展自己的神话理论,布氏神话学思想的演变过程实质上体现了俄国19世纪下半期的神话学研究从对神话的单纯语言学解读走向具体文化-历史语境阐释,并最终将其上升到民族学乃至人类学范畴这一发展历程。

From Philological Philosophy to Comparative Ethnology--A Study of Buslaev Mythology

Fiodr Ivanovich Buslaev is the founder of the Russian school of mythology.He inherited and developed the theory of the German mythologists,the Grin brothers,who represent the German school of mythology.He closely combined the study of mythology with the study of philology,folk composition,traditional folk culture and ancient culture.For the first time in Russian history,he introduced the method of comparative history into the study of Russian folklore,especially the study of myths.He built up Russia's own comparative historical philology,and comparative mythology,based on Russian language and folk literature.Besides,Buslaev widely used the method of comparative history in the study of such fields as language,folk poems and songs,myths and rituals,trying hard to combine the principles of comparative history with the principles of culture-history,thus characterizing the study of mythology with dense cultural and historical features.In his more than thirty years of myths study,he was always using new materials and raising new questions to enrich and develop his mythological theory.The evolvement of his mythological thoughts in essence represented the development of Russian mythological study in the later half of the 19th century,that is,from the simple philological explanation of myths to explanations from philological realm of culture-history and finally rising to the height of viewing from ethnology and anthropology.