19世纪英国工业城市环境改造

作为世界上第一个城市化国家,英国城市建设的举措和得失值得后来者研究总结.由于私有制的制约,英国城市发展呈现出盲目、自发的特色城市建设无规划、无秩序;住房拥挤;卫生状况差,环境恶劣.为此,英国在19世纪展开了对工业城市的环境改造运动.其一,通过旧城改造和建筑规范,以及立法对私人建筑的质量、空间和卫生设施的详尽规定,造就了现代英国风格的建筑模式;其二,公共设施的建设和"市营",初步改变了新兴工业城市中基础设施滞后、与工商业发展不协调的状况,改变了工业城市"丑陋"的外观,赋予其现代城市的形貌.其三,城市建设还对旧式的市政机关提出挑战,促使近代城市当局的成形,反映了资本主义经济社会制度由"自由放任"到国家干预的发展趋势.

Urban Improvement of British Industrial Cities in the 19th Century

The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the British urban improvement of the 19th century in the industrial cities. It is divided into three parts. Part I provides a detailed discussion of urban problems in the industrial cities while Part II describes the effective measures adopted by various bodies, including improvement committee, church, city authorities, etc. Part III identifies the results of the British urban improvements of the 19th century in the industrial cities. The experiences and lessons of urban improvements are summarised.