中国三代家庭代际关系的新动态:兼论人口动力学因素的影响

家庭代际关系的转变受多重因素的共同驱动。作为关键的驱动力,人口动力学因素不仅决定家庭的规模、结构和生命周期,也直接影响甚至改变着家庭代际关系的形态、结构和运行模式。在老龄化和低生育率背景下,中国三代家庭代际关系日益普遍,其社会价值和福利功能变得越来越重要。本研究基于10个典型家庭不同代际成员的半结构访谈资料,对我国三代家庭代际关系的新动态进行探索性分析,发现代际关系呈现形态多样化、代际支持隔代化、代际关系动态化的新特点。三代家庭代际关系是复杂的关系结构,不同家庭在这个关系架构中所蕴含的关系形态不尽相同,三代人的人口学及社会经济特征、家庭所处生命周期、家庭生活重大事件、家庭策略都会决定代际关系结构的重心、核心纽带的定位和代际支持的流向。在孙辈幼年期,代际关系结构的重心定位在孙辈,代际支持以下行流动为主;当孙辈进入成年期或祖辈健康状况不佳时,代际关系结构重心会上移,代际支持也会向上流动,因此,“双重抚育-反哺”模式可以作为认识和分析三代家庭代际关系的一个基本逻辑。祖辈寿命延长、孙辈年龄、祖辈健康程度、家庭再生产缩减、人口流动等人口学动力因素对家庭代际关系的变化具有重要影响。

New Changes in the Intergenerational Relationships of the Three Generation Families in China:Discussion on Influence of Population Dynamic Factors

The shift of family intergenerational relationship is driven by multiple factors.As a key driving force,the demographic dynamics factors not only determine the size,structure and life cycle of family,but also directly influence or even change the form,structure and operation mode of family intergenerational relationship.With the aging and low fertility rate,the three generation relationship among grandparents,children and grandchildren is becoming the mainstream of Chinese family intergenerational relationship,and its social value and welfare function become more and more important.Based on the first-hand data of semi-structured interviews with 10 typical families,the paper makes an exploratory study on new changes of intergenerational relationship of three generations families in China.It is found that the intergenerational relationship of three generations families in China shows new features of diversified forms,dynamics and support between grandparents and grandchildren.The intergenerational relationship of three generations families is a complex relationship structure,and different families have different relationship forms in the structure.The demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the three generations,the life cycle of family,the major events of family life and family strategies will determine the focus,core ties and the flow direction of intergenerational support.Generally,in the childhood of the grandchildren,the focus is located in the grandchildren,and intergenerational support mainly flows down to grandchildren;when the health of the grandparents is not good,the focus will move up to grandparents,accordingly intergenerational support will flow up to them.Therefore,the“dual nurturing-back feeding”model can be used as a basic logic to understand and analyze the intergenerational relationship of three generations families.The demographic dynamic factors of life span of grandparents,grandchildren’s age,health conditions of grandparents,family reproduction,population mobility,etc.have a strong impact on these changes.