近代早期城市的能源贸易与能源消费问题——以英格兰海煤为中心

中世纪至近代早期,海煤逐渐发展成为英格兰重要的贸易商品。贸易交换的增加,带动了英格兰的海煤消费。因此有学者认为,英格兰近代早期的城市污染与海煤的贸易和使用有密切关系。通过梳理英格兰海煤的贸易轨迹,得知近代早期英格兰海煤的贸易特点:以纽卡斯尔和布里斯托尔为典型的出口港口,以伦敦为典型的进口港口。近代早期英格兰的城市污染,尽管有消费海煤带来的影响,但二者之间并不存在明显的直接相关。海煤在英格兰近代化的历程中发挥重要的积极作用。

A Study on the Engry Trade and Engry Comsumption in Early Modern Cities:Mainly Focusing on the Sea Coal of England

From the Middle Ages to the early modern times,the sea coal has gradually developed as an important trade merchandise in England.The increase of trade exchange has driven sea coal consumption in England.Therefore,some scholars believe that urban pollution in early modern England is closely related to the trade and consumption of sea coal.This paper traces back to the development of the sea coal trade in England,taking Newcastle and Bristol as typical exporting ports,and London as a typical importing port,and analyzes features of the sea coal trade in England in the early modern times.Although the urban pollution in early modern England was affected by the consumption of sea coal,there was no direct correlation between them obviously.Sea coal played an essential and active role in the modernization of England.