“仁”的内在张力与从孔子到孟子的话语转型

仁自身包含的内在精神张力,决定了其作为道德评判尺度在实际运用方式上的复杂性。孟子的主要贡献,是将仁所包含的内在性精神张力,展开成为仁与义之间的外在性范畴对立。仁侧重于主体道德立场的积极性呈现,义侧重于其消极性呈现;仁侧重于情感瞩望,义侧重于规范约束,仁和义各有侧重,形成相互限制、相互支持的关系,有效提升了儒家道德观念应对矛盾而复杂的现实的能力。这种展开有助于避免"仁"与诸如"兼爱"之类观念的混同。周礼是孔子建构仁学的历史文化依托,从仁到仁和义的分化,与周礼的结构模式之间也存在对应性关系。

The Internal Tension of “Ren” and the Discourse Transformation from Confucius to Mencius

Ren’s inherent spiritual tension determines the complexity of its practical application as a standard of moral judgment. Mencius’ main contribution was to expand the inner spiritual tension contained in benevolence into the opposition of the outer category between benevolence and righteousness. Benevolence focuses on the positive presentation of the subject’s moral position, and righteousness focuses on its negative presentation. Benevolence focuses on emotional attention, righteousness focuses on normative constraints, and benevolence and righteousness each have their own focus, forming a relationship that restricts and supports each other, effectively improving the ability of Confucian moral concepts to deal with contradictory and complex reality. This expansion helps to avoid confusion between "benevolence" and concepts such as "universal love". Zhou Li is the historical and cultural support of Confucius’ s theory of Ren, and there is a corresponding relationship between the differentiation from Benevolence to benevolence and righteousness and the structural pattern of Zhou Li.